Batplane
Even around other X-planes, the X-48B looks weird.
- By Peter Garrison
- Air & Space magazine, August 2009
Engineers test a blended wing-body in a wind tunnel at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Virginia. The aircraft’s 30 percent fuel savings comes from less drag.
Bob Ferguson/Boeing
Odd airplane shapes come and go, but the blended wing-body has staying power. First proposed in 1988 by McDonnell Douglas aerodynamicist Robert Liebeck and studied in computers and wind tunnels ever since, the tailless wing-body blend promises to use 20 to 30 percent less fuel than current wing-and-tube-fuselage airplanes. A remotely piloted 1/12th-scale model, the X-48B, is being flight tested at NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center in California, where, according to flight operations engineer Gary Cosentino, pilots of C-17 and C-130 freighters are pleased with its handling. The only persistent unknown about the blended wing-body is whether Boeing—or Airbus, which has scrambled onto the bandwagon with its own concepts—can make money with it.
Popular descriptions of the blended wing often say that its design gives it more lift. But the real reason for its superior efficiency is less drag. This reduction has several sources. One is the shape’s sheer simplicity. In conventional airplanes, the joints where surfaces meet one another, like those where the wings and tail connect to the fuselage and engine pylons, add drag. The blended wing has few such joints. Its engines, currently perched atop pylons, will probably end up partially buried, like those of the B-2 bomber.
This simplicity provides another benefit. “It’s almost perfectly area-ruled,” says X-48B chief engineer Norm Princen at Boeing Research & Technology. Area-ruling, an important technique for controlling the increase in drag an aircraft experiences as it nears the speed of sound, requires that the cross-section of an airplane vary smoothly in area from nose to tail. Conventional airliners don’t comply well, because wings and tail surfaces make sudden bumps in the area distribution. The blended wing’s smooth, manta-ray-like shape approaches the ideal.
But the main reason the blended wing-body is more efficient is the simplest: There’s less of it. Most of an airliner’s drag is due to the friction of air against its exposed, or “wetted,” area. The blended wing needs more lifting area than a conventional airliner to support its weight at the low speeds of takeoff and landing, because the high-lift flaps that conventional airplanes deploy for slow flight create a diving tendency that must be counteracted by the tail surfaces. Lacking these, the blended wing-body can’t use high-lift flaps, but instead relies on increased wing area. Nevertheless, by dispensing with tail surfaces and fuselage, the wing-body ends up with 20 to 30 percent less wetted area than a conventional airplane of similar capacity. It’s no accident that this figure closely matches the promised reduction in fuel burn. Simply having less surface area for a given payload capacity is the blended wing-body’s principal advantage.
On the other hand, the weight advantage that might be expected from a smaller surface area, and from relieving wing loads by distributing payload spanwise, will probably not materialize. To withstand pressurization loads of 1,500 pounds per square foot, a vessel with essentially flat walls needs added structure, and that structure results in a payload-to-weight ratio on par with current airplanes.
Still, the drag reduction will save fuel. And as fuel costs weigh heavily on everyone’s mind, it seems airlines will stop at nothing to defray those costs. But don’t expect to board a commercial blended wing-body any time soon. Its appeal to passengers is still in doubt. Partitions strong enough to tolerate pressurization stresses would divide the craft’s vast interior into narrow, windowless compartments. No one is sure how evacuations would work—one advantage of a tubular fuselage is that everyone sits reasonably close to an exit. And every time that a blended wing-body banked, passengers far from the aircraft’s centerline would experience elevator-like sensations. A conventional aircraft can be changed into several models for different markets simply by lengthening or shortening the fuselage; a blended wing-body, on the other hand, can’t. And it’s impractical to build a small blended wing-body first, in order to develop familiarity with it. “People being the size they are, to put them inside the wing requires a cabin about eight feet high,” explains retired aerodynamicist Peter Lissaman, who consulted on early blended-wing studies at McDonnell Douglas. “So you’re looking at a chord [the distance between the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil] of about 70 feet.”
Time may prove these objections inconsequential. For now, says Princen, Boeing has no plans to develop the concept as a next-generation airliner. But it might work as a military tanker or transport. Fuel doesn’t care about the view, and soldiers won’t be alarmed by a sudden lightness in their teacups.
Peter Garrison is an amateur pilot and airplane designer who always picks a window seat.
Comments (8)
Appeal to passengers?
Airliners treat customers like cattle.
The industry needs to save fuel and maximize cargo space. If they pass the savings on or brought back the amenities (not charging extra money for baggage, offering a proper seat with leg room and *gasp* maybe even return the complimentary in flight meal) how their vehicle looks or the loss of a window seat could be easily ignored.
Customers would leap at the chance to fly in an ugly plane if it meant better service.
Posted by Maxwell on August 26,2009 | 09:20 PM
Another concern about commercial passenger-carrying Blended Wing Bodies is whether they can still use regular passenger tubes to access a terminal.
The cabin issues I think are surmountable. Designers can work wonders with the individual compartments to make them less constricting by putting in various curves and lighting effects. A really good inflight entertainment system with wide-screen seatback monitors would go a long way towards aleviating claustrophobia. If the lower operating costs could be passed on to to us as lower ticket prices, sure, I'd be willing to fly in one.
Somehow though, I fear that BWBs will remain not much more than Popular Science cover art for a long while yet. The airline industry probably has just the resources and the will to make only incremental improvements, such as the switch to biofuels from algae, more composite construction in the airframes, lighter and more comfortable seats, and the like. The writer is correct that military applications will likely lead the way.
Posted by MarcusM on August 27,2009 | 09:24 PM
We already paid for the B-2. We have tons of data on it. How does the B-2 compare in per pound payload fuel burn to various commercial airliners over various range profiles? Why have flying wing gliders not suceeded in winning gliding contests? Why are these basic questions not answered before spending vast sums on boys with their toys?
Conventional elevators which counter act a slightly forward center of gravity are the natural stability autopilot that has made flying possible. Substituting computer stability to reduce trim drag in conventional or B-2 aircraft has resulted in sensor,software and electrical failures causing crashes. Flying wings with natural stability have trim drag that might be worse than a conventional aircraft.
Swept and Delta wing shapes have a center of pressure which moves forward with increasing angle of attack. An unstable, undampened runaway pitch up, stall and loss of control is possible. Redundant computers you say? One out of 20 B-2's say it is not safe. Thats a 5% loss rate.
About the only commercial advantage i can see in this blended wing design is the masking of engines from propegating noise to the ground.
Liebeck is a clever fellow, but I think there are many previous propsals of the same idea before 1988. But thats nitpicking, Garrison writes way above average articles, so I am not complaining.
Posted by Francis X Gentile on August 31,2009 | 01:06 AM
As soon as I saw it, it screamed stability problems. Y'all really have to be careful with an airplane like that...
Posted by Daniel Cook on November 4,2009 | 11:45 AM
Perhaps this could be a transformed into a cheaper alternative to the B-2 Bomber? Or a Cargo/Tanker variant as the article suggests? Some stealthiness, long range, fuel efficient, and a large interior space for cargo or bomb bays.
Posted by William Doohan on November 20,2009 | 03:29 AM
Depending upon the size of the aircraft would make significant difference in cost of development, full scale prototype, actual size for commerical carrier use, etc.
I firmly believe we need aircraft of this type. People have for too long been 'happy' to fly conventional commerical aircaft only because there was nothing else better or available; and to fly in a different cabin for more space only made prices astronomical.
Space is the issue. Look at Airbus A380. I have flown in them in coach. I found this to be comparable to Economy class-norms to A380's coach class. Results, I WAS VERY COMFORTABLE TO HAVE REASONABLE AMOUNT OF SPACE alloted to me. Having back of seat viewing personal entertainment a major plus. Also, double-decker for passengers and nearly 2 1/2 stories in height for usage. The concerns of mid-cord diameters should not become an issue unless we are looking at flying at heights of 50000+; and there is the consideration of carbon fiber tech. With project fuel savings this would go even farther to off-set long distance hauls.
I believe the theory is sound. I suggest building a craft that would projectedly scale for 500 passengers in three layers, thereby overcoming the structural intergrity issue. Build it and fly it with real people, say 45 passengers, 15 to each layer, and crew of 8: Pilot, Co-pilot, Cabin crews. Then determine if it is viable. The scale model proves the configuration is sound.
We need to see real world applications. Get the ball rolling. We need new new sights and appearances to inspire for that "cool" attitude. Good luck!
Posted by Kirkthe1 on December 24,2009 | 09:59 PM
Great concept. Has it been checked for emergency exit requirements? I believe the craft has to be complelely exited in 90 seconds.
Posted by JohnTomassoni on June 23,2011 | 05:05 PM
They only fly it 1 hr before sunset, when empty it gracefully lopes around almost quietly making low
altitude touch and goes (only 2 at a time).When it's
fully loaded it screams out of town headed due N
towards Phoenix. In a strong Headwind it makes a full
power low level return to base akin to a fully loaded
take off (you can hear it rumble for 50 miles).It is
awesome to see. You know you are seeing the future.
Posted by M Veasey on May 9,2012 | 05:37 PM