1908: The Year the Airplane Went Public
Five years after Kitty Hawk, the Wrights finally showed the world their invention.
- By Tom D. Crouch
- AirSpaceMag.com, August 29, 2008
Video Gallery
Wright B Over Manhattan
In the winter of 1912, Frank Coffyn filmed the first silent motion pictures of New York ever taken from an airplane.
Teddy Roosevelt Goes Flying
The Wright exhibition team gives the ex-President a ride in 1910.
A Dash Through the Clouds, 1912
This Mack Sennett silent comedy includes rare footage of a Wright Model B piloted by Phil Parmelee.
The honor is indisputably theirs: Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first powered, sustained, controlled, heavier-than-air flights at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.
But even though they had succeeded, the Wrights recognized that they had a considerable distance to go before they could claim to have developed a practical flying machine. So they continued their work in a Dayton cow pasture in 1904 and 1905. By the fall of 1905, they had transformed the marginal success of 1903 into the reality of a practical airplane capable of traveling many miles through the air and remaining aloft for more than an hour at a time. The Wrights worried about being copied, though. Unwilling to unveil their creation without the protection of a patent and a signed sales contract, the brothers remained on the ground for the next two and a half years as they attempted to market their invention.
So it was that as 1908 dawned, almost no one realized that the age of winged flight had been under way for more than four years. That was about to change. With contracts for the sale of airplanes to a French syndicate and the U.S. Army finally in hand, the Wrights were ready to take to the air once again that spring. They returned to the Kill Devil Hills with a rebuilt version of their 1905 airplane—now modified with upright seating and controls, and a second seat for a passenger. On May 14, 1908, Wilbur and Orville alternated taking Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, up as the world’s first airplane passenger.
While the Wrights prepared for their first public flights, other experimenters took to the air, often with crowds watching in amazement. On January 13, 1908, Henry Farman flew his Voisin Farman I in a one-kilometer circle to win the 50,000-franc Deutsche-Archdeacon prize. It was a big spring for the Aerial Experiment Association, as well. Founded by Alexander Graham Bell, the AEA included a pair of young Canadian enthusiasts, Frederick W. “Casey” Baldwin and J.A.D. McCurdy, along with two Americans, Lt. Thomas Selfridge of the U.S. Army and Glenn Hammond Curtiss. The AEA built and flew a series of three aircraft that spring and summer, culminating in Curtiss’s flight aboard the biplane June Bug at Hammondsport on July 4, 1908. Covering almost a mile in one minute 42.5 seconds, the achievement earned the group the Scientific American Trophy. Later that summer, Curtiss traveled to Fort Myer, Virginia, where he flew with Captain T.S. Baldwin aboard the hydrogen-filled dirigible airship SC-1, which was purchased by the Army.
The excitement peaked on August 8, 1908, when Wilbur Wright made his first flight in public at the Hunaudieres race course, five miles south of Le Mans, France. Over the next several weeks he made headlines around the world with one stunning flight after another—demonstrating once and for all that the Wrights’ claim to priority in the invention of the airplane was true (there had been skeptics), and that their airplanes were capable of tight turns and a degree of control impossible with other machines.
Orville Wright joined his brother in the limelight on September 3, 1908, when he made his first public flight at Fort Myer. Like Wilbur, he continued to fly over the next two weeks, carrying passengers and meeting criteria established by the Army for the purchase of an airplane. Tragedy struck on September 17, when Orville crashed at Fort Myer while flying with Selfridge, who became the first person to die in a powered airplane crash. Orville recovered, but lived with the pain resulting from the accident for the rest of his life.
The momentous year was far from over. On October 16, the American Samuel Franklin Cowdery (aka S.F. Cody) made the first flight in Great Britain. Once Orville Wright was back on his feet, he and his sister Katharine joined their brother in Europe. The three Wrights were now the toast of the continent. Crowned heads, political leaders, captains of industry and ordinary folk traveled to witness the miracle of flight. Wilbur capped this extraordinary year with a flight of more than 76 miles in 2 hours 18 minutes 33 3/5ths seconds on December 31, which earned him the Michelin Cup and a 20,000 franc cash prize for the best flight of 1908.
By year’s end, no skeptic doubted that the age of flight had arrived, and that the Wrights were leading the way.
Tom D. Crouch is a Wright biographer and senior curator in the aeronautics division of the National Air and Space Museum. His books include The Bishop’s Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright.
Comments (3)
This was very readable and I enjoyed it to the end. Be sure to be at the celebration at Ft. Myer for the opening ceremony. Many of us from the Victorian Society at Falls Church are participating in the event. Our headquarters will be Bldg.59 and I will portray a nurse at the former hospital. Others will be gorgeous in their 1908 outfits. Don't miss the event. Make yourself known to us. Cheers, Charlotte S. Needham
Posted by Charlotte S. Needham on August 31,2008 | 07:40 PM
Thank you, Mr. Crouch, for a terrific recounting of the birth of military aviation in 1908 at Fort Myer. Hearing Ken Hyde run up the meticulously rebuilt Wright engine aboard an equally pristine reproduction of the Wright Model A on Summerall Field on September 6 will be one for the ages. Thanks for bringing this to the public's attention. Hat's off to you, sir!
Bob Bollinger
Charlottesville, Virginia
Posted by Robert Bollinger on September 1,2008 | 12:10 AM
It most certainly is not indisputable that the Wrights invented and flew the first aeroplane. There are French and German attempts at sustained, powered and manned flight but the most verifiable is probably that of New Zealander Richard Pearce who apparently flew his aircraft several metres above the ground for at least 100 with his ailerons and the lightweight air-cooled engine - features way advanced over other versions around the world.
The only detraction was that his controls wouldn't work. His flight in 1903 is not recognised because NZ is so remote from the rest of the world but photographs of the event do exist.
Posted by Paul on October 10,2008 | 02:23 AM
The most interesting part of this story is the fact that the brothers actually had made many attempts to offer their design to the U.S. government which simply failed to believe them. Their messages were answered stating that the U.S. did not have any funding available to aide in their quest for flight. The brothers had contracts either in hand or in negotiations with France, Great Britian and even Italy before the government sent an agent out to Dayton to check the claim. The agent, upon arrival to Dayton, asked a local boy he encountered if he knew where he could find the Wright Brothers. The boy reportedly answered, they were probably out flying at Huffman's pasture!
This incident says a lot about the communication capabilities of 1905 as well as the nature of the farm based people living in the area at the time. If the brothers made it known that they wished for their exploits to remain private, their secret couldn't be more secure. Even the locals of Kill Devil Hill were asked to keep what they witnessed from being known and they did just that.
The reason for the brothers wish to remain unknown was they were as of yet inability to get the U.S government to acknowledge and use their machine as they intended. The Wright Brothers in keeping with their religious up bringing were pascifists. They believed that if an army was able to see the oppositions strength, and reason the amount of casualties they were likely to suffer, then the battle would be called off.
A very complicated pair, these Wright Brothers. I find it interesting that their process of discovery along with confirmation of results before flight attempt hasn't garnered more intrest. That was their true gift to science.
Posted by James Hare on September 28,2010 | 01:13 PM
Thanks for this article and rescources! We are doing a national history day project about the Wright Bros and early flight!
Posted by Aly and Paige on October 19,2011 | 04:31 PM